Violation of export control laws is a criminal matter. The penalties vary depending on the circumstances (notably, whether it was a "knowing" or "willful" violation), but the penalties for even lesser violations can include jail time and/or fines.
Please note that export control violations can also be assigned to the individual rather than the corporation or university. If you violate export control laws without first getting an export license, there’s a very good chance that you, as an individual, could face fines and jail time.
ITAR Penalties
EAR Penalties
OFAC Penalties
IEEPA Penalties