THE NUREMBERG CODE

1.The voluntary consent of the human Subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have
legal capacity to give consent: should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice without the
intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or
coercion and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the s subject matter involved
as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the
acceptance of a no affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature,
duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences
and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from
his participation in the experiment.

The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates,
directs, or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another
with impunity.

2.The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or
means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.

3.The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the
natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of
the experiment.

4.The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.

5.No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will
occur; except perhaps in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subject.

6.The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem
to be solved by the experiment.

7.Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against
even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death.

8.The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care
should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.

9.During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he
has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible.

10.During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any
stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill, and careful judgment
required of him, that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the
experimental subject.